Metarhizium Contents Species Locust control References External links Navigation menu"A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage"10.3852/07-20219623931Species fungorum search Metarhizium (retrieved 19 July 2018)"Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi"10.3114/sim.2007.57.01210473618490993"Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph, Cordyceps taii (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae)""Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers"10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.667212711MTRHG8912256246432813710954468912NHMSYS00014894095529b23e9e96-31a3-4e6f-a2fb-e41c52cc7414

Sordariomycetes generaClavicipitaceaeParasitic fungi


genusentomopathogenic fungiClavicipitaceaeanamorphsAscomycotaconidialteleomorphsLUBILOSAbiopesticide



















Metarhizium

Metarhizium anisopliae infected cockroach (PLoS).jpg
Cockroach killed by Metarhizium anisopliae

Scientific classification e
Kingdom:

Fungi
Division:

Ascomycota
Class:

Sordariomycetes
Subclass:

Hypocreomycetidae
Order:

Hypocreales
Family:

Clavicipitaceae
Genus:

Metarhizium
Sorokīn, 1879

Type species

Metarhizium anisopliae
(Metchnikoff) Sorokīn

Metarhizium[1] is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family. With the advent of genetic profiling, placing these fungi in proper taxa has now become possible. Most turn out to be the asexual forms (anamorphs) of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including Metacordyceps spp.




Contents





  • 1 Species

    • 1.1 Other Reclassified Species Names


    • 1.2 Teleomorphs



  • 2 Locust control


  • 3 References


  • 4 External links




Species


Before molecular techniques were introduced at the end of the 20th century, Metarhizium species were identified on morphological (notably conidial) characteristics. The 'original' species included: M. anisopliae (with M.a. var. major), M. brunneum, M. cicadinum, M. cylindrosporum, M. flavoviride, M. taii, M. truncatum, and M. viridicolumnare.
In 2009, nine former varieties of the type species M. anisopliae were assigned species status.[2] New species have continued to be identified, with original names sometimes re-instated (notably M. brunneum); the index fungorum currently (July 2018) lists:[3]



  • Metarhizium acridum (Driver & Milner) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009) (prev. M. anisopliae var. acridum)


  • Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn (1883)


  • Metarhizium atrovirens (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium bibionidarum O. Nishi & H. Sato (2017)


  • Metarhizium blattodeae C. Montalva, Humber, K. Collier & C. Luz (2016)


  • Metarhizium brasiliense Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium brittlebankisoides (Zuo Y. Liu, Z.Q. Liang, Whalley, Y.J. Yao & A.Y. Liu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium brunneum Petch (1935)


  • Metarhizium campsosterni (W.M. Zhang & T.H. Li) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium carneum (Duché & R. Heim) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium chaiyaphumense Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)


  • Metarhizium cicadinum (Höhn.) Petch (1931)


  • Metarhizium cylindrosporum Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo (1986)


  • Metarhizium dendrolimatilis Z.Q. Liang, Wan H. Chen, Y.F. Han & X. Zou (2017)


  • Metarhizium flavoviride W. Gams & Rozsypal (1973)


  • Metarhizium frigidum J.F. Bisch. & S.A. Rehner (2007)


  • Metarhizium globosum J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)


  • Metarhizium granulomatis (Sigler) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium guniujiangense (C.R. Li, B. Huang, M.Z. Fan & Z.Z. Li) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium indigoticum (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium kalasinense Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)


  • Metarhizium khaoyaiense (Hywel-Jones) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium koreanum Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium kusanagiense (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium lepidiotae (Driver & Milner) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009) (prev. M. anisopliae var. lepidiotae)


  • Metarhizium majus (J.R. Johnst.) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009) (prev. M. anisopliae var. major)


  • Metarhizium marquandii (Massee) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium minus (Rombach, Humber & D.W. Roberts) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) (prev. M. flavoviride var. minus)


  • Metarhizium novozealandicum (Driver & Milner) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium owariense (Kobayasi) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium pemphigi (Driver & Milner) Kepler, Humber & S.A. Rehner (2014)


  • Metarhizium prachinense Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)


  • Metarhizium pseudoatrovirens (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium purpureogenum O. Nishi, S. Shimizu & H. Sato (2017)


  • Metarhizium reniforme (Samson & Evans) Luangsa-ard, Boucias & Hywel-Jones (2017)


  • Metarhizium rileyi (Farl.) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) (prev. Nomuraea rileyi)


  • Metarhizium robertsii J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)


  • Metarhizium samlanense Luangsa-ard, Thanakitp., Tasan., Mongkols. & Hywel-Jones (2017)


  • Metarhizium taii Z.Q. Liang & A.Y. Liu (1991)


  • Metarhizium takense Tasan., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)


  • Metarhizium truncatum Petch (1931)


  • Metarhizium viride (Segretain, Fromentin, Destombes, Brygoo & Dodin ex Samson) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


  • Metarhizium viridicolumnare (Matsush.) Matsush. (1993)


  • Metarhizium viridulum (Tzean, L.S. Hsieh, J.L. Chen & W.J. Wu) B. Huang & Z.Z. Li (2004)


  • Metarhizium yongmunense (G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung & Spatafora) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)


Other Reclassified Species Names



  • M. album Petch, 1931 is now assigned to M. anisopliae


  • M. glutinosum is now placed in the Stachybotryaceae as Albifimbria (Myrothecium) verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) L. Lombard & Crous[4]


  • M. martiale is now placed as Nigelia martiale (Speg.) Luangsa-ard & Thanakitp. (Clavicipitaceae).[5]


Teleomorphs


The teleomorphs of Metarhizium species appear to be members of the genus Metacordyceps.[6]Metacordyceps taii (as Cordyceps taii) has been described as the teleomorph of Metarhizium taii:[7][8] a name that has now been restored.


Whether the other varieties of M. anisopliae have their own teleomorphs is not yet clear. Some, if not most, strains of M. anisopliae possibly have lost the capability of reproducing sexually.



Locust control


In the 1990s, the LUBILOSA research programme proved that M. acridum in its spore form was effective in killing locusts and other members of the Acrididea families with no deleterious effects found in field trials on any nontarget species except for the domesticated silk worm Bombyx mori.[9] It is currently produced as a biopesticide under the name Green Muscle by Becker Underwood South Africa.



References




  1. ^ Sorokīn (1879) Veg. Parasitenk. Mensch Tieren 2: 268.


  2. ^ Bischoff J.F.; Rehner S.A. Humber R.A. (2009). "A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage". Mycologia. 101 (4): 512–530. doi:10.3852/07-202. PMID 19623931..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  3. ^ Species fungorum search Metarhizium (retrieved 19 July 2018)


  4. ^ Lombard L, Crous PW (2016) in: Lombard, Houbraken, Decock, Samson, Meijer, Réblová, Groenewald & Crous Persoonia 36: 177.


  5. ^ Luangsa-ard, Thanakitpipattana (2017) in: Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana, Khonsanit, Tasanathai, Noisripoom, Humber. Index Fungorum 345: 1.


  6. ^ Sung, G.-H.; Hywel-Jones, N.L.; Sung, J.-M.; Luangsa-ard, J.J.; Shrestha, B. & Spatafora, J.W. (2007). "Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi". Studies in Mycology. 57: 5–59. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01. PMC 2104736. PMID 18490993.


  7. ^ Liang, Z.-Q.; Liu, A.-Y.; Liu, J.-L. (1991). "A new species of the genus Cordyceps and its Metarhizium anamorph". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 10: 257–262.


  8. ^ Huang B.; Li C.; Humber R.A.; Hodge K.T.; Fan M.; Li Z. (2005). "Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph, Cordyceps taii (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae)" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 94: 137–147.


  9. ^ Lomer, C.J.; Bateman, R.P.; Johnson, D.L.; Langewald, J.; Thomas, M. (2001). "Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers". Annual Review of Entomology. 46: 667–702. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.667.




External links



  • Media related to Metarhizium at Wikimedia Commons


  • Data related to Clavicipitaceae at Wikispecies







Clavicipitaceae, Parasitic fungi, Sordariomycetes generaUncategorized
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