Narcyza Żmichowska Contents Life Works See also References Navigation menu10016526268366364232707288566963277138Dzieje przyjaźni entuzjastek w świetle listów Narcyzy Żmichowskiej do Bibianny MoraczewskiejBarbara Winklowa: Narcyza Żmichowska i Wanda Żeleńska, ISBN 83-08-03496-9 Onet.pl book review.Ślady ruchu lesbijskiego."Żmichowska Narcyza"the originalcb12075366v(data)1188085400000 0001 1042 2651no95005799ola200319811740288406802813X1970161219701612

1819 births1876 deathsPolish feministsPolish women poetsPolish women novelists19th-century Polish novelistsLGBT writers from PolandLesbian writers19th-century Polish poets19th-century Polish women writers19th-century Polish writersPolish women's rights activists


WarsawPolishnovelistpoetfeminism in PolandWrocław UniversitygovernessHouse of ZamoyskiRussian PartitionNovember UprisingBibliothèque NationaleFrench AcademyŁomżaWarsawSuffragettesLublin(pl)






















Narcyza Żmichowska
Beyer - Narcyza Żmichowska.jpg
Born4 March 1819
Warsaw, Congress Poland
Died
24 December 1876 (1876-12-25) (aged 57)
Warsaw, Congress Poland
Pen nameGabryella
OccupationGoverness
LanguagePolish
NationalityPolish
GenreFeminist novelist and poet
Literary movementModernism
Notable worksThe Heathen

Narcyza Żmichowska pronounced [narˈt͡sɨza ʐmʲiˈxɔfska] (Warsaw, 4 March 1819 – 24 December 1876, Warsaw), also known under her popular nom de plume Gabryella, was a Polish novelist and poet. She is considered a precursor of feminism in Poland.


Żmichowska's first novel published in 1846 was Poganka (The Heathen), in which she is known to have expressed interest in her friend Paulina Zbyszewska. The book was published by Northern Illinois University Press in 2012 in English translation by Dr Ursula Phillips.[1] Letters to friends and family written by Żmichowska were published in five volumes by Wrocław University in 1960. There, she also expressed interest in a married man, Edward Dembowski, which led to a known scandal. Her correspondence with Bibianna Moraczewska (an unmarried woman by choice like Narcyza) spanning 32 years consisted mostly of intellectual discourses.[1]




Contents





  • 1 Life


  • 2 Works


  • 3 See also


  • 4 References




Life


Żmichowska became governess for the noble House of Zamoyski in 1838. She went with her employer to Paris, where she reunited with her brother Erazm, Polish revolutionary, exiled from the Russian Partition after the anti-Tsarist November Uprising crushed by the imperial army. Her brother's political and social views greatly influenced Narcyza. On his advice, she enrolled at the Bibliothèque Nationale, and became one of the first women at the French Academy ever.[1][2][3]




Narcyza Żmichowska by Władysław Radzikowski, bust at the Historical Museum of Kraków, 1880s


Her stay in France completely changed Żmichowska. She began to publicly express her radicalized views about women; dubbed by her bourgeois surroundings as "an excentric". She smoked cigars, which was prohibited to women. Her perfect knowledge of French enabled Narcyza to find new employment easily upon her return to occupied Poland. She became governess to four children of Stanisław Kisielecki at an estate near Łomża. She travelled to Warsaw frequently, where she met with other intellectuals. She debuted in the literary magazine Pierwiosnek (Primrose), and wrote regularly for other Polish magazines under the Russian censorship including Pielgrzym (edited by Eleonora Ziemięcka) and Przegląd Naukowy, where other women published as well. Żmichowska founded a group of Suffragettes in Warsaw active in 1842–1849, who also took part in anti-Tsarist activities.[1][2][3] She was arrested by the Russians in Lublin and sentenced to three years in prison in 1849 for her membership in the delegalized Związek Narodu Polskiego (pl).[4]



Works



  • Poganka (The Heathen) .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
    OCLC 10016526


  • Książka pamiątek (The Book of Mementos)


  • Dwoiste życie (Double Life)


  • Czy to powieść? (Is that a Novel?)
    OCLC 26836636


  • Ścieżki przez życie (Paths through Life)
    OCLC 4232707


  • Biała róża (White Rose)
    OCLC 28856696


  • Wolne chwile Gabryelli (Gabriela's Free Moments)


  • Wykład nauk przeznaczonych do pomocy w domowym wychowaniu panien (Lectures on Bringing up Girls)


  • Wybór powieści (Collection of Novels and Novellas)
    OCLC 3277138


See also


  • List of feminist literature


References




  1. ^ abcd Maria Woźniakiewicz-Dziadosz, Dzieje przyjaźni entuzjastek w świetle listów Narcyzy Żmichowskiej do Bibianny Moraczewskiej (PDF file, direct download 81.7 KB) Lublin University.


  2. ^ ab Marta Mizuro, Barbara Winklowa: Narcyza Żmichowska i Wanda Żeleńska, ISBN 83-08-03496-9 Onet.pl book review.


  3. ^ ab A. Gruszczyńska, Ślady ruchu lesbijskiego. University of Wrocław.


  4. ^ "Żmichowska Narcyza". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.



  • This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the Polish Wikipedia.






1819 births, 1876 deaths, 19th-century Polish novelists, 19th-century Polish poets, 19th-century Polish women writers, Lesbian writers, LGBT writers from Poland, Polish feminists, Polish women novelists, Polish women poetsUncategorized
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